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Event Data Recorder (EDR) What is EDR ? Event data recorder (EDR) means a functionality to record data captured prior to, during, and after an Event. example : event means any event like crash ,deployment of air bag, or sudden break ect . Event Data Recorder (EDR) will record the set of sensor data during the event or after or prior event.Set Senor data will vary from one event to other event. Purpose of EDR? Storage of specified data in non volatile memory in order to analyse and reconstruct events (no deployment/ deployment events) and also required by Regulation like NHTSA. Analysis necessary for liability reasons concerning the car manufacturer or restraint system supplier or to solve statement contradictions of accident opponents. Collection of statistical crash data for effective crash investigations and   analysis of safety equipment performance to improve traffic safety. Event Definitions: Event Start (T0) : Point at which first algorithm is active. E

Vehicle Safety System: Vehicle Safety System will helps to driver while driving and time when vehicle got crashed. 2 type of Vehicle Safety system 1.Active Safety 2.Passive Safety   Active Safety: Passive Safety

Airbag in Automotive The airbag is the one type of Vehicle Safety device.The airbag will help and save driver and passenger when vehicle crashed. Vehicle Safety System: Vehicle Safety System will helps to driver while driving and time when vehicle got crashed. 2 type of Vehicle Safety system 1.Active Safety 2.Passive Safety Airbag will come Under active safety system Airbag is the device connected with sensor which will always  monitor Crash of vehicle and precrash of vehicle, when crash is happen then  deploy the airbag. Deploying the airbag is nothing but fill the air in the airbag.     Cars are designed with a rigid, strong frame enclosing the occupants, with crumple zones in the front.     Force reduction and redistribution is accomplished inside the passenger compartment through the use of Airbags(irreversible restraints) and Seat-Belts and (reversible restraints) and rear.  It's easy to build crumple zones into a large v

ADC Reference voltage ADC Introduction  ADC Prescaler    ADC Reference voltage ADC Channel ADC Resolution ADC Interrupt What is ADC Reference voltage?? ADC reference voltage is nothing but it is used by ADC hardware while reading analogue input.It is the maximum voltage ADC can read. The Reference Voltage (VREF) is the standard voltage against which the Analog Input Voltage must be measured. VREF can be an input voltage provided through external pin. Some ADCs are capable of generating VREF for the ADC module from the Analog VCC of the MCU device. The range of VREF varies among different devices and the respective device datasheet must be referred to know the exact value. Typically, VREF can be selected by configuring the bit field of the corresponding register. For example :If we selected reference voltage as 2.5V then our ADC can read MAX 2.5 volt. If we select 10V then it can read MAX 10V. BUT if we select more value of reference voltage then the resolution

C and embedded C Hi, there are very few differences between C and embedded C, some of them are: C is hardware independent and embedded C  is hardware dependent C is for desktop computers, embedded C usually is for microcontroller based applications. C use the resources of desktop computers (memory, OS, etc) Embedded C use only limited resources available in the chip (limited RAM, ROM, ports, etc). Embedded  C could be a subset of C. Other differences between C and embedded C what makes embedded c so different from the regular c is *absence of console *restriction on code size *and the compiler regular compilers create os dependent executable file where as embedded c compilers create a file which is downloaded to controllers to realise the required task regular compilers don't give abstraction for all the resources of the system where as in embedded c compiler give access to all the resources directly so code efficient code written in embedded c are though no

Prescaler in microcontroller  ADC Introduction  ADC Prescaler    ADC Reference voltage ADC Channel ADC Resolution ADC Interrupt What is the function of  Prescaler  ? Prescaler  is electronic counter used to decreases frequency of the electrical signal to a lower frequency using integer division . The Prescaler takes the basic timer clock frequency or CPU clock frequency or some higher or lower frequency and divides it by some value before feeding it to you hardware (like timer or ADC CAN), that value depends on how the Prescaler register(s) are configured. The  Prescaler  values configured might be limited to a few fixed values (powers of 2), or they may be any integer value from 1 to 2^P, where P is the number of Prescaler bits. example :ADC Prescaler in Atmel controller  By default, the successive approximation circuitry requires an input clock frequency between 50 kHz and 200 kHz to get maximum resolution. If a lower resolution than 10 b

Analog to digital converters ADC Introduction  ADC Prescaler   ADC Reference voltage ADC Channel ADC Resolution ADC Interrupt ADC  Introduction  What is  Analog to digital converters( ADC)?  Analog to digital converters (ADC ) used to convert analog signal (continuously variable signal) to discrete(digital) signal. Example: your using one temperature sensor(linear) it is giving analog output 0V to 10V this voltage is directly proportional to temperature(0º to 100º C). If your using the microcontroller to process the sensor data you have to use Analog to digital converters(ADC) because using micro-controller you can't process the analog data (analog voltage or current) because all microcontrollers are digital. Most of the micro-controller are having inbuilt Analog to digital converters (ADC) example you take Atmega2560 it is having 8/16-channel, 10-bit ADC. What is 10bit ADC?or n bit ADC? 10 bits resolution means it convert analog data

I2C or Inter-IC (integrated circuit) bus Introduction to I2C Protocol How I2C Communication works? Characteristics Of The I2C-Bus I2C project Advantages of I2C Characteristics Of The I2C-Bus The I2C-bus is for bidirectional, two-line communication between different ICs or modules. The two lines are a serial data line (SDA) and a serial clock line (SCL). Both lines must be connected to a positive supply via a pull-up resistor. Data transfer may be initiated only when the bus is not busy. Bit transfer One data bit is transferred during each clock pulse. The data on the SDA line must remain stable during the HIGH period of the clock pulse as changes in the data line at this time will be interpreted as a control signal. Start and stop conditions Both data and clock lines remain HIGH when the bus is not busy. A HIGH-to-LOW transition of the data line, while the clock is HIGH, is defined as the start condition (S). A LOW-to-HIGH transition of the data line while

I2C or Inter-IC (integrated circuit) bus Introduction to I2C Protocol How I2C Communication works? Characteristics Of The I2C-Bus I2C project Advantages of I2C How I2C Communication works? As you can see in Figure 2, the master begins the communication by issuing the start condition (S). The master continues by sending a unique 7-bit slave device address, with the most significant bit (MSB) first. The eighth bit after the start, read/not-write (), specifies whether the slave is now to receive (0) or to transmit (1). This is followed by an ACK bit issued by the receiver, acknowledging receipt of the previous byte. Then the transmitter (slave or master, as indicated by the bit) transmits a byte of data starting with the MSB. At the end of the byte, the receiver (whether master or slave) issues a new ACK bit. This 9-bit pattern is repeated if more bytes need to be transmitted. In a write transaction (slave receiving), when the master is done transmitting all of the dat

I2C or Inter-IC (integrated circuit) bus Introduction to I2C Protocol How I2C Communication works? Characteristics Of The I2C-Bus I2C project Advantages of I2C Introduction to I2C Protocol: Name I 2 C is shorthand for a standard Inter-IC (integrated circuit) bus. Philips developed I 2 C for communication between devices inside for its TV / radio set. Examples of simple I 2 C-compatible devices found in embedded systems include EEPROMs, thermal sensors, and real-time clocks. The main objective behind the invention of I2C bus is to establish a simple low pin count bus that can connect different ICs on a circuit board of Television or Radio. Later I2C grew beyond the limits of TV and Radio and now it can be found in almost every computer motherboards and other embedded devices. I2C can also be used for communication between multiple circuit boards in equipments with or without using a shielded cable depending on the distance and speed of data transfer. Standard

Global variable and extern variable are almost same but only one difference that is scope of variable can be controlled by user in extern variable. Global variable A  global variable  is a variable that is defined outside of all functions and it is available to all functions. These variables are unaffected by scopes and are always visible to functions and files, which means that a global variable exists until the program ends. global variable  are variables which are declared above the main( ) function. These variables are accessible throughout the program. They can be accessed by all the functions in the program. Their default value is zero. Extern Variable It is possible to create a global variable in one file and access it from another file. In order to do this, the variable must be declared in both files, but the keyword  extern  must precede the "second" declaration. A particular extern variable can be declared many times but we can initialize at only one t

Factorial of the given number This is the program for find the factorial of the given number Now you think given number is 5. #include<stdio.h> #include<string.h> int fac(int a); int main() { int fact; fact = fac(5); printf("factorials of 5 is %d",fact); } int fac(int a) { if(a<=1) { return 1; } else { a=a*fac(a-1); return a; } }

important C Programs  This is the very important C programs asked in interviews. 1. Write a program to find factorial of the given number. 2. Write a program to check whether the given number is even or odd. 3. Write a program to swap two numbers using a temporary variable. 4. Write a program to swap two numbers without using a temporary variable. Material from Interview Mantra. Subscribe to free updates via email. 5. Write a program to swap two numbers using bitwise operators. 6. Write a program to find the greatest of three numbers. 7. Write a program to find the greatest among ten numbers. 8. Write a program to check whether the given number is a prime. 9. Write a program to check whether the given number is a palindromic number. 10.Write a program to check whether the given string is a palindrome. 11.Write a program to generate the Fibonacci series. 12.Write a program to print "Hello World" without using semicolon anywhere in the code. 13.Writ

Hello everyone in this post am going to tell you about which are the best IOT platforms  are available in the market. Now all big IT company like Google , Amazon, IBM, Alibaba ,HARMAN etc are started IOT services. As of now, all are aware of IOT(  internet of thing s) it is going to change the future.It is one of the hottest topics in the internet and IT industry.All are trying to start the there IOT platforms . Top 10 best IOT platforms  are : IBM bluemix  AWS IOT thingworx Google IOT Cisco iot HP Intel GE PubNub Jasper One of the best and small  IOT platforms is www.particle.io these guys made the IOT as a very easy.  What these   IOT PLATFORMS will do? In   Internet of Things , platforms are there to solving technical challenges or problems for  customers . Those technical challenges might include: - Connectivity hardware (Wi-Fi modules, Bluetooth cellular modules, etc.) - Firmware development tools - Communication protocols (CoAP, MQTT,HTTP) -